Glossary

Mandibular flexure is a complicated deformation process that can occur in the lower mandible. This can result in a change in the shape and width of the mandible arch, as well as protruding mandibular movements. These are caused by the contraction of various masticatory muscles, particularly the lateral pterygoid muscles. There are generally four types of deformation patterns recognized in mandibular flexure: corporal rotation, anteroposterior shear, dorsoventral shear, and symphyseal bending related to medial convergence. These patterns of deformation can result in excess stress on the bone tissue of the mandible. How the stress is distributed throughout the mandible depends on the shape of the mandible, the quality and quantity of bone, and the amount of force the masticatory muscles exert. Mandibular flexure is important for dental implant surgeons to consider, since excess occlusal loads, such as in cases of bruxism, can potentially result in long-term implant failure.

The mandibular foramen is the opening into the mandibular canal. It is located on the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible providing a passage to the inferior alveolar nerve, artery, and vein. The mandibular foramen thus allows these structures to supply the lower jaw, teeth, and part of the chin with blood, nutrients, gas exchange, and sensation. For oral procedures, the dentist or oral surgeon must be aware of the location and size of the mandibular foramen in order to administer a nerve block to numb the teeth and tissues that will be involved. Since a cranial nerve is involved with the mandibular foramen, it’s location must also be known before placing a dental implant to prevent damage to this nerve. The size and placement of the mandibular foramen can differ between patients since factors such as age, skull shape, and facial dimensions can affect its location.